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- Network Working Group J. Rekhter
- Request for Comments 1074 T.J. Watson Research Center
- IBM Corporation
- October 1988
-
- The NSFNET Backbone SPF based Interior Gateway Protocol
-
- Status of this Memo
-
- This memo is an implementation description of the standard ANSI IS-IS
- and ISO ES-IS routing protocols within the NSFNET backbone network.
- Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
-
- Acknowledgements
-
- I would like to express my thanks to Hans-Werner Braun (MERIT) for
- his contribution to this document.
-
- 1. Overview
-
- This document provides an overview of the NSFNET Backbone routing
- with specific emphasis on the intra-backbone routing.
-
- By the end of 1987, the American National Standardization Institute
- (ANSI) forwarded a specification for an Intermediate System to
- Intermediate System routing protocol to the International
- Standardization Organizations (ISO) for the adaptation as an
- international standard. This ANSI IS-IS protocol is used as the
- interior gateway protocol (IGP) of the NSFNET backbone. Documented
- here is an implementation description which also includes further
- definitions that were necessary for the integration into an Internet
- Protocol (IP) environment. Therefore, it should be viewed as a
- continuation of the specifications of the ANSI IS-IS protocol [1] and
- the ISO standard End System to Intermediate System (ES-IS) protocol
- [2]. While the ANSI IS-IS protocol suffices as an IGP, additional
- methods are used to orchestrate routing between the backbone and the
- attached mid-level networks; most notably the Exterior Gateway
- Protocol (EGP). Further information about the overall NSFNET routing
- as well as some future aspects can be found in [3], [4], [5] and [6].
-
- 2. A brief overview of the NSFNET backbone
-
- The NSFNET backbone is a wide area network which currently connects
- thirteen sites within the continental United States. All connections
- are permanent point-to-point links at T1 speed (1.544Mbps). These T1
- links may contain multiple logical links at sub-T1 and up to the full
- T1 speed. The result is a hybrid circuit/packet switching network
- able to contain a connectivity-richer logical topology than the
-
-
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- Rekhter [Page 1]
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- RFC 1074 NSFNET Backbone SPF based IGP October 1988
-
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- underlying physical topology would allow by itself. Each site has a
- Nodal Switching Subsystem (NSS) which is responsible for packet
- switching. Each NSS is a RISC technology based multiprocessor system
- using IBM RT/PC processors which operate a modified version of a
- 4.3BSD kernel. For the purpose of routing, each NSS is considered as
- a single entity which has connections to both other NSS (via the
- logical network infrastructure) and to regional networks (via local
- area network attachments; typically an Ethernet).
-
- The routing protocol which is used for the inter-NSS routing within
- the NSFNET backbone is an adaptation of the ANSI IS-IS routing
- protocol [1]. The routing protocol which is used between the
- backbone and the attached mid-level networks is the Exterior Gateway
- Protocol (EGP) [3]. The information exchange between the backbone
- and its connected EGP peers is subject to policy based routing
- restrictions which are maintained in the Policy Based Routing
- Database [4,5].
-
- 3. An overview of the ANSI IS-IS routing document
-
- The ANSI IS-IS routing protocol specifies a two level hierarchical
- routing where Level 1 routing deals with routing within an area,
- while Level 2 routing deals with routing between different areas.
-
- This routing protocol belongs to a class of so called "Link State"
- protocols where each node maintains a complete topology of the whole
- network. The route computation is based on a modified version of
- Dijkstra's Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm.
-
- Both Level 1 and Level 2 routing use two types of Protocol Data Units
- (PDU):
-
- The Level 1 Router Link PDU lists IS neighbors. The Level 1 End
- System PDU lists ES neighbors.
-
- The Level 2 Router Link PDU lists neighbor Level 2 routes. The
- Level 2 End System PDU lists address prefixes for systems in
- other Routing Domains.
-
- The ANSI IS-IS document separates subnetwork independent functions
- from the subnetwork dependent functions. Subnetwork independent
- functions include dissemination of Router Link and End System Link
- PDU's and the Routing Algorithm. The subnetwork dependent functions
- cover different types of subnets such as X.25, permanent point-to-
- point links and LANs.
-
- The IS-IS Protocol is designed to interoperate with the End System to
- Intermediate System (ES-IS) routing exchange protocol [2]. The ES-IS
-
-
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- Rekhter [Page 2]
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- RFC 1074 NSFNET Backbone SPF based IGP October 1988
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-
- protocol is used to determine connectivity and network layer
- addresses. This information is used to construct the Router Link
- PDUs.
-
- 4. How the ANSI IS-IS protocol is adapted for the NSFNET backbone
- routing
-
- The NSFNET backbone implements a subset of the ANSI IS-IS protocol.
- With respect to subnetwork independent functions, it only supports
- Level 2 routing. With respect to subnetwork dependent functions, it
- only supports general topology subnetworks with permanent point-to-
- point links. Since the ANSI IS-IS protocol is designed for ISO
- Network Service Access Point (NSAP) addresses, there is a need to
- encapsulate IP addresses into NSAP addresses.
-
- For this, the Initial Domain Part (IDP) is unused. The Domain
- Specific Part (DSP) includes nine bytes which are partitioned as
- follows:
-
- 2 bytes - administrative domain
-
- 2 bytes - empty
-
- 4 bytes - IP address
-
- 1 byte - empty
-
- In the ANSI IS-IS protocol, each router has its own identifier (ID)
- which is 6 bytes long. For the NSFNET implementation, the first 2
- bytes of the ID are empty and the last four bytes include the IP
- address of a particular router.
-
- The NSFNET backbone PDUs (both IS-IS and IS-ES) are transmitted as a
- protocol on top of IP, with "85" being the assigned protocol number
- for this purpose. The IS-IS PDUs are distinguished from the IS-ES
- PDUs by the Protocol Discriminator Field within the PDUs. The IP
- fragmentation/reassembly mechanism provides support for transmission
- of up to 64 kilobytes in a single IP packet. Within the backbone, it
- is highly unlikely that the size of IS-IS PDUs will exceed this
- limit. Therefore, no IS-IS fragmentation/reassembly is implemented
- for this environment. This is different from the ISO framework where
- the ISIS is located directly on top of the Data Link Layer.
-
- For the purpose of the NSFNET Backbone routing, each Autonomous
- System (AS) is treated as a separate Administrative Domain (AD). The
- list of administrative domains (as obtained via EGP and filtered
- through the Policy Based Routing Database) which are connected
- directly to a particular NSS is distributed in the set of the
-
-
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- Rekhter [Page 3]
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- RFC 1074 NSFNET Backbone SPF based IGP October 1988
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- partitionAreaAddresses part of the Level 2 Router Links PDU. Each
- area address is 5 bytes long and consists of 3 empty bytes (IDP)
- followed by 2 bytes of the Administrative Domain.
-
- The reachability information obtained from regional networks via EGP
- is distributed within the backbone by End System PDUs. In order to
- support multi-domain topologies, the ANSI IS-IS protocol allows for a
- set of Address Prefixes to be entered by the System Management at the
- boundary IS. In the NSFNET Backbone, these Address Prefixes are
- obtained via the Exterior Gateway Protocol. For each network listed
- in EGP NR packets which is received from an EGP peer, the network and
- administrative domain number of the EGP peer are encapsulated into
- NSAP addresses (as described above). A complete NSAP address is used
- as an address prefix in the reachable address prefix neighbor part of
- the End System PDU. The cost field in the reachable address prefix
- neighbor part of the End System PDU is derived from the Policy Based
- Routing Database maintained in each NSS.
-
- At each NSS, the reachability information obtained from other nodes
- (via their End System PDU's) is passed on to the mid-level network
- EGP peers, following the appropriate processing and filtering
- according to the Policy Based Routing Database.
-
- The Network Entity Title (NET) (which is used in the IS-ES protocol)
- is eleven bytes long and is constructed by first encapsulating an IP
- address into a NSAP address, then taking the first 11 bytes of this
- address as a NET.
-
- 5. Current timer parameters
-
- The following timer parameters are currently implemented:
-
- Hello Interval (IS-ES Hello): 10 seconds
-
- Hold Time (ES-IS protocol): 40 seconds
-
- Other timer parameters for the IS-IS protocol are taken from the
- section 6.3.7 of [1].
-
- 6. References
-
- [1] "Intermediate System to Intermediate System Intra-Domain
- Routing Exchange Protocol", ANSI X3S3.3/87-150R, 1987-10-29.
-
- [2] "End System to Intermediate System Routing Exchange Protocol
- for use in conjunction with the Protocol for providing the
- Connectionless-Mode Network Service (ISO8473)", ISO
- JTC1/SC6/N4802R, 1988-03-26.
-
-
-
- Rekhter [Page 4]
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- RFC 1074 NSFNET Backbone SPF based IGP October 1988
-
-
- [3] Mills, D., "Exterior Gateway Formal Specification", RFC 904,
- University of Delaware, April 1984.
-
- [4] Rekhter, J., "EGP and Policy Based Routing in the New NSFNET
- Backbone", IBM, March 1988.
-
- [5] Braun, H-W., "The NSFNET Routing Architecture", Merit Computer
- Network, University of Michigan, April 1988.
-
- [6] Braun, H-W., "NSFNET Inter Autonomous System Routing", Merit
- Computer Network, University of Michigan, September 1988.
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- Rekhter [Page 5]
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